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【摘要】现代油田生产过程所需材料中塑料制品占有的比重越来越大。塑料以其独特的性质，低廉的造价受到人们的关注，但塑料的易燃性和易产生静电成为生产中的安全隐患。本文通过对塑料产生静电危险性的定性分析来阐述塑料在生产过程中的风险。
【关键词】塑料；静电；危险
.
不导电物体，非金属材料（塑料）在工业中有多样性用途（存储容器、包装、管道、垫圈等）。这些材料很容易地成为了静电充电和保留电的重要场所。随着这些材料在生产过程中的应用，静电事故不断增加。
Nonconducting， non—metallic materials （plastics） have a multiplicity of uses in industry （storage vessels， packaging， pipelines， gaskets etc.）. These materials readily become electrostatically charged and retain the charge for significant periods of time. Their introduction into manufacturing operations is often followed by an increase in electrostatic incidents.
原则上，该问题可以通过采用加入抗静电添加剂所制造出的塑料来消除。虽然生产出了很多抗静电的产品，但他们并没有被广泛的应用。
The problem can， in principle， be eliminated by the use of plastics made more conducting by the incorporation of anti—static additives. Although more anti—static products are being produced， they are by no means universally available.
当使用不导电的塑料时，潜在的危险源来自于塑料表面的易燃放电，金属的组分与地面分离，电荷保留在塑胶容器里面的产品上。
When nonconducting plastics have to be used the potential sources of hazard are （a） an incendive discharge from the plastic surface， （b） isolation of metal components from earth，（c） charge retention on products inside the plastic container.
积聚在塑料表面的电荷可能导致繁殖刷子放电并且/或者刷子放电。等效能量标准和充电调动数据能被用于评估计刷子放电的风险。利用气体和蒸汽的实验表明刷子放电的等效能量范围为14ml。它并且已经被证明：（a）通过来自不同的最小燃烧能量的气体或蒸汽中的平面和管线的放电而产生的燃烧的可能性是遵循燃烧的情况正常分配；（b）一个对数关系存在于燃烧的可能性和导致刷子放电电核之间。
Charge accumulation on the plastic surface can lead to propagating brush discharges and / or brush discharges. Equivalent energy criteria and charge transfer data can be used to assess the risk from brush discharges. Experiments with gases and vapours indicate that the equivalent energy of brush discharges is in the range 14mI. It has also been shown that （a） the probability of ignition by discharges from flat surfaces and pipes in gas I vapour atmospheres of different minimum ignition energy follows the probability plot for a normal distribution and （b） a logarithmic relationship exists between probability of ignition and charge transferred in the brush discharge.
這类数据与大气可燃性数据相结合是现在定义塑料可接受风险的最大区域。
This type of data ‘is being combined with data on the possibility of a flammable atmosphere being present to define the maximum areas of plastic consistent with an acceptable risk.
来自尘埃中塑料表面刷子放电的可燃性是有争议的。但作者阐明他们实验室技术产生的放电能量会比典型刷子放电的点能高。
The incendivity of brush discharges from plastic surfaces in the presence of dust clouds is in dispute. but the authors stated that their experimental technique produced discharges of higher energy than would be expected in typical brush discharges. 一些学者认为，刷子放电是不能点燃尘埃的。现已建议出现在火花间隙中的灰尘可能修改刷子放电的特性。他们在这次会议中阐述到一种带有刷子放电的新燃烧实验测试。在更早期的工作中，这些学者用从塑料到尘埃中的火花传导刷子放电的一种技术点燃硫磺。这个数据建议技术确切地不模仿工业刷子放电的1.3MJ的等效能量。
Some workers consider that brush discharges are incapable of igniting dust clouds. It has been suggested that the presence of the dust in the spark gap may modify the character of the brush discharge. They are describing at this conference a new ignition test with brush discharges. In earlier work， these workers ignited sulphur dust with a technique that transmitted a brush discharge from plastic to a spark gap in a dust cloud. The data suggest an equivalent energy of 1.3mJ but is recognised that the technique does not exactly simulate industrial brush discharges.
在最近的草定安全指南中他被视为刷子放电能点燃尘土最小的点燃能量少于3MJ。
In recent draft safety guidelines it is considered that brush discharges may be capable of igniting dust clouds with minimum ignition energies less than 3mJ.
结论：分析静电风险已越来越基于定量证据。最近守则和近期的研究检讨，在这里提供了一个良好的基地，从规定的安全措施在广泛的产业化经营，不严密的区域仍然存在（塑料、粉末以及尘埃放电可燃性）但在許多情况下，标准和数据存在是为了解决更多具体问题。
Conclusions：
Analysis of electrostatic risk has become increasingly based on quantitative evidence.
The recent codes of practice and the more recent studies reviewed here provide a good base from which to prescribe safety measures in a wide range of industrial operations. Areas of imprecision still exist （incendivity of discharges from plastics， bulk powders and dust clouds） but in many cases， criteria and data exist for the solution of specific problems.
【关键词】塑料；静电；危险
.
不导电物体，非金属材料（塑料）在工业中有多样性用途（存储容器、包装、管道、垫圈等）。这些材料很容易地成为了静电充电和保留电的重要场所。随着这些材料在生产过程中的应用，静电事故不断增加。
Nonconducting， non—metallic materials （plastics） have a multiplicity of uses in industry （storage vessels， packaging， pipelines， gaskets etc.）. These materials readily become electrostatically charged and retain the charge for significant periods of time. Their introduction into manufacturing operations is often followed by an increase in electrostatic incidents.
原则上，该问题可以通过采用加入抗静电添加剂所制造出的塑料来消除。虽然生产出了很多抗静电的产品，但他们并没有被广泛的应用。
The problem can， in principle， be eliminated by the use of plastics made more conducting by the incorporation of anti—static additives. Although more anti—static products are being produced， they are by no means universally available.
当使用不导电的塑料时，潜在的危险源来自于塑料表面的易燃放电，金属的组分与地面分离，电荷保留在塑胶容器里面的产品上。
When nonconducting plastics have to be used the potential sources of hazard are （a） an incendive discharge from the plastic surface， （b） isolation of metal components from earth，（c） charge retention on products inside the plastic container.
积聚在塑料表面的电荷可能导致繁殖刷子放电并且/或者刷子放电。等效能量标准和充电调动数据能被用于评估计刷子放电的风险。利用气体和蒸汽的实验表明刷子放电的等效能量范围为14ml。它并且已经被证明：（a）通过来自不同的最小燃烧能量的气体或蒸汽中的平面和管线的放电而产生的燃烧的可能性是遵循燃烧的情况正常分配；（b）一个对数关系存在于燃烧的可能性和导致刷子放电电核之间。
Charge accumulation on the plastic surface can lead to propagating brush discharges and / or brush discharges. Equivalent energy criteria and charge transfer data can be used to assess the risk from brush discharges. Experiments with gases and vapours indicate that the equivalent energy of brush discharges is in the range 14mI. It has also been shown that （a） the probability of ignition by discharges from flat surfaces and pipes in gas I vapour atmospheres of different minimum ignition energy follows the probability plot for a normal distribution and （b） a logarithmic relationship exists between probability of ignition and charge transferred in the brush discharge.
這类数据与大气可燃性数据相结合是现在定义塑料可接受风险的最大区域。
This type of data ‘is being combined with data on the possibility of a flammable atmosphere being present to define the maximum areas of plastic consistent with an acceptable risk.
来自尘埃中塑料表面刷子放电的可燃性是有争议的。但作者阐明他们实验室技术产生的放电能量会比典型刷子放电的点能高。
The incendivity of brush discharges from plastic surfaces in the presence of dust clouds is in dispute. but the authors stated that their experimental technique produced discharges of higher energy than would be expected in typical brush discharges. 一些学者认为，刷子放电是不能点燃尘埃的。现已建议出现在火花间隙中的灰尘可能修改刷子放电的特性。他们在这次会议中阐述到一种带有刷子放电的新燃烧实验测试。在更早期的工作中，这些学者用从塑料到尘埃中的火花传导刷子放电的一种技术点燃硫磺。这个数据建议技术确切地不模仿工业刷子放电的1.3MJ的等效能量。
Some workers consider that brush discharges are incapable of igniting dust clouds. It has been suggested that the presence of the dust in the spark gap may modify the character of the brush discharge. They are describing at this conference a new ignition test with brush discharges. In earlier work， these workers ignited sulphur dust with a technique that transmitted a brush discharge from plastic to a spark gap in a dust cloud. The data suggest an equivalent energy of 1.3mJ but is recognised that the technique does not exactly simulate industrial brush discharges.
在最近的草定安全指南中他被视为刷子放电能点燃尘土最小的点燃能量少于3MJ。
In recent draft safety guidelines it is considered that brush discharges may be capable of igniting dust clouds with minimum ignition energies less than 3mJ.
结论：分析静电风险已越来越基于定量证据。最近守则和近期的研究检讨，在这里提供了一个良好的基地，从规定的安全措施在广泛的产业化经营，不严密的区域仍然存在（塑料、粉末以及尘埃放电可燃性）但在許多情况下，标准和数据存在是为了解决更多具体问题。
Conclusions：
Analysis of electrostatic risk has become increasingly based on quantitative evidence.
The recent codes of practice and the more recent studies reviewed here provide a good base from which to prescribe safety measures in a wide range of industrial operations. Areas of imprecision still exist （incendivity of discharges from plastics， bulk powders and dust clouds） but in many cases， criteria and data exist for the solution of specific problems.