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(一)市场经济条件下中、东欧科研系统自下而上的改革。在新的形势下,这些国家的研究部门表现出两种倾向。第一种倾向是“消极适应”,即在不进行改革或重建的情况下,相对加强基础研究,巩固其地位。第二种倾向是“积极适应”。一方面,科研管理人员和企业家结成联盟,在科学院和企业之间架起桥梁,并试图以自己的方针取代科技政策。另一方面,研究所和研究者个人进行局部的机构改革,并发展了新的生财之
(I) Bottom-up reform of scientific research system in Central and Eastern Europe under market economy. In the new situation, the research departments in these countries showed two tendencies. The first tendency is “passive adaptation”, that is, relatively strengthening basic research and consolidating its position without reform or reconstruction. The second tendency is “positive adaptation.” On the one hand, research managers and entrepreneurs are allied together to bridge the academy and business and try to replace science and technology policies with their own principles. On the other hand, institutes and individual researchers conducted partial institutional reforms and developed new means of making money