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从柠檬醛出发，经环化、氰基化、烯丙位氧化、水解及环化还原等５步反应，合成了（±）－耳壳藻内酯（１）。
Starting from citral, (±) - Echinacea lactone (1) was synthesized by five steps of cyclization, cyanation, allylic oxidation, hydrolysis and cyclization.