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土壤有机质的主要作用在于它的间接作用,而腐殖化了的高分子聚合物——腐殖质就是间接作用的源泉。 腐殖质是土壤中特殊的有机物质。其组成主要包括胡敏酸(又称褐腐酸,碱能提取而又能为酸所沉淀的部分)、富里酸(又称黄腐酸,碱溶而不为酸所沉淀的部分)。由于在腐殖质的不同组成物的分子结构中含有多种功能团,因而表现出多种活性,如阳离子交换性能、对金属离子的络合能力、氧化—还原性以及生理活性等。因此,土壤腐殖质除了具有对土壤在保肥、供肥、改良土壤结构等方面的突出作用外,而且在土壤净化(消除土壤污染)以及刺激植物生长等方面还具有特殊的重要作用。
The main role of soil organic matter lies in its indirect role, and the humified polymer - humus is the source of indirect effects. Humus is a special organic material in the soil. Its composition mainly includes humic acid (also known as brown fulvic acid, alkali can be extracted but can be part of the acid precipitation), fulvic acid (also known as fulvic acid, alkali soluble but not acid precipitated part). Due to the various functional groups contained in the molecular structure of the different components of humus, they exhibit various activities such as cation exchange performance, complexation ability to metal ions, oxidation-reduction activity, and physiological activity. Therefore, soil humus not only plays a prominent role in preserving soil fertility, supplying fertilizer and improving soil structure, but also plays an important role in soil purification (eliminating soil pollution) and stimulating plant growth.