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哈丁(Garret Hardin)所谓的“公地悲剧”实际上是发生在“边界”(ambiguities)上的租值消散,这是在特定的局限条件下,为实现相邻社群(部落)共有草场产权(经由第二方)所必须付出的最低交易费用。“边界”上的租值消散,是由于草原“过密化”而引发的“边界挤压”的直接表现和具体后果。随着边界挤压程度的加剧,可蚕食的边界空间将越来越狭窄,其结果是作为缓冲地带的边界随时存在崩溃的危险。一旦边界崩溃,即表现为一方越界,边界冲突及其相应的私力救济行为就会发生。由于冲突双方的私力救济即复仇行为很难达成均衡状态,第二方协调的交易费用高不可攀,就会出现第三方纠纷解决机制。在这个第三方纠纷解决机制中,传统的部落宗教权威与现代的世俗国家权威之间——尤其是在现代民族国家建构的历史背景之下——呈现出一种既竞争又合作的错综复杂的局面。这就是近现代以来,中国甘青藏区草权政治的历史本相。
Garret Hardin’s so-called “tragedy of the commons” is actually the dissipation of rental values that takes place on “ambiguities,” under certain limited conditions, Tribe) communal grassland ownership (via the second party) must pay the minimum transaction costs. The dissipation of rental values on the “border” is the direct manifestation and the concrete consequence of the “border squeeze” triggered by the “over-density” of grasslands. As the extent of the border squeeze intensifies, the boundary space that can be eroded will become narrower and narrower, with the result that there is a danger of collapse as the boundary of the buffer zone. Once the border collapses, that is, one side is out of bounds and the border conflict and its corresponding private relief act happen. Third party dispute resolution mechanism will emerge because it is difficult to strike a balance between the two parties’ self-help remedies, namely revenge, and the coordination costs of the second party are unmanageable. In this third-party dispute resolution mechanism, the traditional tribal religious authority and modern secular state authority, especially in the historical background of the construction of modern nation-state, show a complicated and complicated situation of competition and cooperation . This is the history of the grass-roots politics of the Qinghai-Tibet region in the recent history.