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INTRODUCTIONrnThe term Mesenchymal stem or stromal cell (MSC) refers to a group of heterogeneous multipotent stem cells that can self-renew and further differentiate into several cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.1 They are originally derived from bone marrow and are also relatively easy to obtain from other tissue types, such as adipose tissue and umbilical cord.2-4 In recent years, many completed clinical trials using MSCs from bone marrow have shown the efficacy of MSC-based bone regeneration without obvious adverse effects.