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Given its wealthy endowment of coal, conventional oil from abroad has beenthe primary focus of Clunas energy security debate to date. Yet going forward, thisdebate will need to evolve to reflect two emerging pressures. One is environmental:carbon emissions at the global level and air pollution at the local level in China willneed to be reduced. The other is supply: the most easily accessible reserves ofconventional oil, and thus the cheapest, have largely been tapped. Nuclear power,natural gas, and non-conventional oil are assuming greater roles in China to meetthese pressures. This paper examines the unique energy security challenges that theseemerging sources present. Through the use of case studies for each resource, the mainlogistical and political obstacles that China will have to overcome are drawn out.These resources present uruque opportunities and challenges, and conceptions ofChinas energy security in the future will need to integrate their potential.Keywords: Energy security, Cluna, non-conventional energy, uranium, non-conventional oil, LNG