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Nucleic acids,whether designed or selected in vitro,play important roles in biosensing,medical diagnostics,and therapy.Specifically,the conjugation of functional nucleic acid-based probe molecules and nanomaterials has resulted in an unprecedented improvement in the field of molecular recognition and sensing.With their unique physical and chemical properties,nanomaterials facilitate the sensing process and amplify the signal of recognition events.Thus,the coupling of nucleic acids with various nanomaterials opens up a promising future for molecular recognition.