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The homeostasis of magnesium (Mg2+), an abundant divalent cation indispensable for many biological processes including mitochondrial functions, is underexplored.Previously two mitochondrial Mg2+ importers, Mrs2 and Lpel0, were characterized for mitochondrial Mg2+ uptake.Here we show that the mitochondrial Mg2+ homeostasis is accurately controlled through a combinatory action of importers and a novel exporter, Mmel (mitochondrial magnesium exporter 1).