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β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system or circulating catecholamines is broadly involved in peripheral blood circulation, metabolic regulation, muscle contraction, and central neural activities.In the heart, acute βAR stimulation serves as the most powerful means to regulate cardiac output in response to a fight-or-flight situation, whereas chronic βAR stimulation plays an important role in physiological and pathological cardiac remodeling.