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Cork oak(Quercus variabilis),a widely distributed plant in China,is a dominant species in the secondary forest in Wangwushan Mt.area.Though large number of acorns was produced in fruiting season,there,however,few seedlings were established under natural conditions owning to consumption by seed eating and dispersing animals such as forest-dwelling rodents.Scatter-hoarded rodents had been demonstrated playing a positive role on seed dispersal and germination,but their manipulation before hoarding,e.g.radicle excision,inevitably exerted impacts on seed germination and seedling growth.We were interested in if acorns could adaptively respond to rodents manipulation.Based on our result that radicle-excised acorns by rodents re-germinate successfully and excised-lignified-radicles establish seedling eventually,we found that scatter-hoarding rodents played two-sided effects on seed fate of Q.variabilis,and that acorns evolved adaptations to cope with severe predation and handling by seed eating animals.