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Objective To explore the effect of FES on neurogenesis in rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Method The effect of FES on neurogenesis in rats after MCAO was investigated by applying two 10 minute sessions of FES daily beginning 48h after MCAO.Substantially improved functional performance was observed after treatment.Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections given twice daily were used to label proliferating cells.The outcome measures were the total number of BrdU-labeled cells in the SVZ,BrdU/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) double positive neural progenitor cells in the SVZ,BrdU/doublecortin (DCX) double labeled migrating neuroblast cells and BrdU/neuron-specific nuclear protein (NEUN) double labeled mature neuroblasts.All these were quantified at days 1,3,7 and 14 of the FES treatment.Results FES significantly increased the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells and BrdU/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) double positive neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) on days 7 and 14 of the treatment.The number of BrdU/doublecortin (DCX) double positive migrating neuroblast cells in the ipsilateral SVZ on day 14 after treatment was significantly increased,and more DCX-positive cells migrated toward the injured striatum.But only a few BrdU/neuron-specific nuclear protein (NEUN)-positive cells were observed by day 14 of the treatment.Implication These data indicate that FES when initiated 48h after stroke can enhance neurogenesis in the ischemic brain and improve functional outcomes.They show that FES augments the proliferation,differentiation,and migration of neural progenitor cells and thus promotes neurogenesis,which may be related to the improvement of neurological outcomes.