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Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use and is one of the most significant sources of morbidity and death worldwide.In the past decades,a tremendous amount of resource has been expended to explore genes influencing susceptibility to smoking related behaviors and diseases,and many candidate genetic factors have been identified via various technology approaches in both humans and animal models.Although there is a strong interest toward integrating data obtained from different genetic studies and their related biological information into a comprehensive resource for smoking behaviors and related diseases,no study has presented an extensive and systematic view of the genes/proteins associated with these conditions.To collect,curate,integrate the currently available results so as to make them more easily accessible and utilized,we have developed Gene Resources Of Nicotine and Smoking (GRONS),a database devoted to information collection of genes associated with biological response to nicotine exposure,smoking related behaviors or diseases.GRONS deposits gene information obtained from different technology platforms that have been widely used in nicotine dependence or tobacco smoking studies.On the basis of available studies,we collected a comprehensive gene list from five major resources,i.e.,linkage scan,genome-wide association study,gene/protein expression via high throughput technology,literature search,as well as signaling and metabolism pathways potentially involved in physiological response to nicotine exposure.At present,GRONS deposits information of over 3000 genes identified from these approaches.For each gene,the detailed information including function,available expression data,protein interaction,biochemical pathways is included.Moreover,GRONS also has a tool for candidate gene selection and ranking based on evidence in multiple resources.As one application,we have selected a list of prioritized candidate genes for follow up experimental replication or bioinformatics analysis.With more genes included and more tools integrated,GRONS will become a useful resource for nicotine dependence or tobacco smoking study.