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We investigated the effects of post-natal association with a simple or complex microbiota on gut microbial composition by using a caesarean derived piglet model.12 piglets were equally divided over 2 treatment groups.All piglets received orally a simple mixture of L.amylovorus,C.glycolicum,and Parabacteroides sp.on d 1,2,and 3 after birth.On d 3 and 4,the piglets received either a fecal inoculant of an adult sow (T) or a placebo inoculant.Jejunal and ileal digesta were collected on d 16 for microbial analysis by using the Pig Intestinal Tract Chip.