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To investigate the maturation time and distribution pattern of canal-related brainstem neurons responding to vertical head rotations,Fos immunohistochemical experiments were performed in postnatal rats (Pl-adult) that have been subjected to sinusoidal vertical rotations which selectively activated hair cells of the anterior-posterior canal pair.Neuronal activation was defined by c-fos expression.Normal stationary controls and labyrinthectomized controls that were subjected to rotational stimulus showed only sporadically scattered Fos-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons.While Fos-ir neurons were found in the vestibular nuclei (VN) from P4 onwards,those in the inferior olive (IO),a downstream relay of the vestibulo-olivary pathway,were only identifiable by P21.