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Synaptic plasticity is key to the formation and reconfiguration of neuronal circuits.It is also an energy demanding process.Using a mitochondrion-targeting fluorescent protein, mito-cpYFP, we observed mito-flash activity in neuronal dendrites following the induction of synaptic plasticity.Furthermore, plasticity-associated mito-flash is specific to synaptic spines undergoing long-term morphological changes, and is capable of converting short-term spine growth into long-term growth.Thus, mito-flash activity may represent local cellular signals that in turn mediate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.