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HIV-related nervous system infections are the major complications of AIDS,which constitute the main cause of death in AIDS patients.Diagnostic imaging plays an indispensable role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AIDS related nervous system infections.This article is intended to introduce the spectrum of AIDS complications and their imaging demonstrations,as compared to their pathological and autopsy findings,to explain their pathogenesis.Diagnostic imaging is also evaluated in the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS related nervous system infections.