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Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the key public health problems in Russia.STIs rank second in the structure of morbidity according to the data provided by the Ministry of Health.The choice of preventive and control measures in the field of STIs is based on epidemiological surveillance (ES) data.Thus, evaluation of efficiency of the current system for ES of STIs is crucial for public health and disease prevention.Methods: The effectiveness of key elements of the system as well as institutional and regulatory frameworks of the surveillance system was analyzed.Results: According to official statistics, reduction of incidence of STIs is observed in Russia lately.However, there is a reason to prejudice these figures.The primary element in the surveillance system are reporting forms from STD clinics.The general data on identified STIs provided by STD clinics is then transferred to the supervisory authorities performing preventive and epidemiological surveillance, and to the Ministry of Health of Russia.STD clinics are the major data providers for official statistics, only low-sensitive diagnostic methods are used in those institutions which do not allow to perform sufficient identification of pathogen in asymptomatic patients.Due to legislation reform STI patients can now be treated not only at STD clinics which do not record and register STI cases, whilst the number of patients attending these clinics increases every year.Conclusions: The current system of STI ES does not assess the real epidemiological situation in the field of STIs, which complicates the design of antiepidemic and preventive measures.