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The genus Campylobacter was proposed in 1963 and contained just two species,largely believed to be of veterinary significance only.Today,there are 18 species,several of which are recognised as the most frequent bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in industrialised nations-indeed,the incidence of campylobacteriosis may be 10 times greater than that of salmonellosis.The bacteria are widely distributed in nature andthe major route of infection accepted as foodbome.Despite over 40 years of advances,many questions remain on even the most basic issues.Detecting the organisms is extremely challenging,with significant problems observed for both phenotypic and genetic methods for detection.