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Percutaneous vertebroplasty(VP)and balloon kyphoplasty(BKp)are now widely used to treat patients who suffer painful vertebral compression fractures.In each of these treatments,a bone cement paste is injected into the fractured vertebral body/bodies,and the cement of choice is a poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)bone cement.One drawback of this cement is the very high exothermic temperature,which,it has been suggested,causes thermal necrosis of surrounding tissue.In the present work,we prepared novel composite PMMA bone cement where microcapsules containing a phase change material(paraffin)(PCMc)were mixed with the powder of the cement.A PCM absorbs generated heat and,as such,its presence in the cement may leda to reduction in thermal mecrosis,We determined a number of properties of the composite cement.Compared to the values for a control cement(a commercially available PMMA cement used in VP and BKP),each composite cement was found to have significantly lower maximum exothermic temperature,increased setting time,significantly lower compressive strength,significantly lower compressive modulus,comparable biocompatibility,and significantly smaller thermal necrosis zone.Composite cement containing 20%PCMc may be suitable for use in VP and BKP and thus deserves further evaluation.