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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS),caused by a small RNA virus (PRRSV) has been devastating and will continue to devastate the pig industry worldwide unless an effective means of control or eradication is identified.In particular,the high-mutation rate and immune-suppressive capability of PRRSV have created many challenges in both immunology and vaccinology.For example,both modified live-attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines against PRRSV have been available for many years,but none can prevent respiratory infection,transmission,or pig-to-pig transmission of the virus.