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Cardiac Ca2+ signaling mechanisms have grown rapidly over the last two decades.Most of this progress can be attributed to several powerful experimental approaches that allow cellular and sub cellular events to be resolved in enzymatically-isolated myocytes.However the contribution of certain factors that exist only at the whole-heart level cannot be studied in such single cell model.For example, cardiac myocytes in situ are closely coupled to neighboring cells through electrical,mechanical, and metabolic connections that are normally lost during the cell isolation procedure.Recently a new technique, the local-field pulsed fluorescence microscopy (LFPF) has been developed.This method allows very localized, high resolution measurements of surface membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ handling in intact whole-heart.