论文部分内容阅读
An estimated 386,300 new cases and 150,200 deaths from human urinary bladder cancer (UBC) occurred worldwide in 2008.The incidence of UBC varies with the highest rates in developed communities, but the burden of UBC is increasing in less developed areas of the world.UBC can be caused by: A.inhalation of cigarette smoke, smoke from cooking fume hood, industrial/environmental carcinogens {benzidine (Bz) and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), N,N-phenylenediamine containing azo dyes in textiles, paper, and food industries.Other carcinogens that include auramine, magenta, methylenebis (2-chloroaniline),ortho-toluidine, 4-chloro-ortho-toluidine, nitrosamines, etc.},volatiles of coal tar and diesel exhaust, which contain carcinogens.B.administration of drags such as cyclophosphazine,chloronaphazine, phenacetin, nitrosamines and herbal remedies like aristolochic acid, etc.C.contact of chlorinated water or hair dyes.D.ingestation of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and/or arsenic.E.infection of Schistosoma haematobium (schizosomiasis), Escherichia coli (cystitis), and papilloma viruses.E.excess formation of endogenous carcinogens such as kynurenin, 3-hydroxykyrenine, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranic acid, xanthurenic acid, 8-methyl ether of xenthurenic acid, and quinaldic acid.F.genetic factors such as acetylator of the N-acetyltranferase,mutation or malfunction of oncogenes/suppressors such as p53, p16, Hras, Kras, Rb1, FGFR3.cdk/n 2, etc.Occupations at risk of UBC are bus drivers, rubber workers, motor mechanics, leather (including shoe) workers, blacksmiths,machine setters, mechanics, hairdressers, etc.Citrus fruits and green and yellow vegetables including cruciferous vegetables, particularly carrots and selenium and other nutritional factors were identified as having possible protective effects.The interplay of these multifactors is the major concern for cause, prevention, and cure of UBC.