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Due to the worldwide phenomenon of the aging of populations, type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment and dementia have become the most common conditions.A literature search was carried out to summarize the exiting scientific evidence concerning diabetes, mild cognitive impairment and dementia.Published reports of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on the topic were searched.Overall, diabetes leads to a 20-70% greater decline in cognitive performance, and a 60% higher risk of dementia.Even pre-diabetes, the condition of impaired glucose regulation has been related to cognitive deficits and an increased risk of dementia.In contrast, several studies exploring the relation between diabetes and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have reported inconsistent findings.There are several biologically plausible mechanisms through which diabetes could lead to an increased risk of MCI and dementia, including, micro-and macro-vascular pathway, glycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines.Future studies need to identify patients who have an increased risk of dementia, clarify the underlying mechanisms and potentially modifiable determinants, and assess the effects of treatments.The risk factors that drive cognitive decline and dementia occurrence among people with diabetes need to be identified before adequate treatment measures can be developed.