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Objective: TodeterminewhetheriNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaGdF4@TaOxcanbeusedtoeffectivelylabelmesenchymalstemcells(MSCs)invivoandcanbeusedfortrackingofstemcelltransplantsbydual-energyCTintissueengineeringandbonerepair. Methods:Thisstudywasapprovedbytheinstitutionalanimalcareandusecommittee.Mesenchymalstemcells(MSCs)was extractedfrombonemarrowofNewZealandRabbits(8weeksold).iNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaGdF4@TaOxnanoparticleswith1mg/ml wastransfectedintoMesenchymalstemcells(MSCs)bylipofectamine.UtilizationofCCK-8detectionnanoparticlesoncell viabilityofMSCs.MeasuringtheeffectofnanoparticlesonMSCsapoptosisandcellcyclebyflowcytometry.Andtheeffectof nanoparticlesonosteogenic,chondrogenicandadipogenicdifferentiationwasdetected.Theuseoftwo-photonlaserscanning confocaldetectionnanoparticlesenterMSCs.Usingthedual-energyCTdetectedthenanoparticlesinMSCsatdifferenttime pointinvitro.Thenthecompositeofβ-TCPandMSCswhichtransfectedwithnanoparticleswasimplantedintothebonedefect, anddetectedbydual-energyCTatdifferenttimepoint. Result: wefoundthat iNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaGdF4@TaOxnanoparticleshadnoeffectonMesenchymalstemcells(MSCs)cell viability,apoptosisandcellcycle,Ontheotherhandtheosteogenic,chondrogenicandadipogenicdifferentiationabilityof Mesenchymalstemcells(MSCs)hadaffectedbyiNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaGdF4@TaOxnanoparticles.Wehadobservedalotof nanoparticleswastransfectedintotheMSCsbytwo-photonlaserscanningconfocal.Strongsignalwasdetectedbydual-eneryCT invitroandinvivo,butthesignaldecreasingwithtime. Conclusion: iNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaGdF4@TaOxnanoparticlesisansafematerialsforlabelingMSCs. iNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaGdF4@TaOxnanoparticlescanbeusedtoeffectivelylabelMSCsinvivoandcanbeusedfortrackingof stemcelltransplantswithCTimaging.