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This paper expatiates the failures of spacecraft home and abroad,and analyzes the reasons.By that the essentiality of spacecraft safety is obvious.The space environment resulting in surface charging of spacecraft is studied in this paper,which can be basic of spacecraft surface charging mechanism analysis,ESD safety and research of deep dielectric charging and discharging in spacecraft.By analyzing charging mechanism it can provide the basic guildlines to spacecraft ESD protection,so it is important to the safety of spacecraft.