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The development of nanotechnology in the past two decades has generated great capability of controlling materials at the nanometer scale and has enabled exciting opportunities to design materials with desirable photonic, electronic, ionic and mechanical properties.In this lecture, I will show how we design rationally nanostructured materials for energy conversion and storage.Examples include 1) High energy battery electrode materials such as Si, Li and P anodes and S cathodes.3) Low-cost grid scale energy storage chemistry.3) Electrochemical tuning of catalysts leading to outstanding performance.