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Mycorrhizal association is indispensable for orchid seed germination in nature.Several studies have also demonstrated that compatible fungi are beneficial to growth and development of adult orchids.Therefore,orchid mycorrhizal fungi have potential applications for orchid propagation and cultivation.Thailand is home to a vast number of wild orchids.The country is also one of the largest orchid exporters.Even though orchid tissue culture laboratories are the main suppliers of orchids for trade,wild-collected orchids in the international trade are frequently reported,partly due to the difficulty and inefficiency of propagation methods for some orchids.Therefore,the availability of simple and efficient propagation methods would lessen this problem as well as promote orchid floricultural business.Our studies demonstrate successful symbiotic seed germination as well as growth promoting effects of mycorrhizal fungi.Symbiotic seed germination is conducted by either in vitro and ex vitro method.Ex vitro symbiotic seed germination is a new and potentially useful approach,which requires neither strict aseptic condition nor acclimatization before plantlet transplanting,while still provides good support to germination and protocorm development.The use of orchid mycorrhizal fungi is affordable and easily accessible and thus a promising tool for improving orchid production and conservation.