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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from unrelated donor (UR-HSCT) and umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) have been established. In UR-HSCT, significant associations of HLA compatibility with the clinical outcome such as not only graft-versus-host disease but also graft-versus-leukemia effect have been elucidated at locus, allele and molecular level of HLA, and it is essential to select suitable donors based on these findings for HLA matching. It should also be noted that HLA is population specific and the impact of HLA on unrelated HSCT depend on ethnic background.