Nanostructure is used in the optical materials to achieve many practical applications such as optical modulators,photodetectors and solar cells.Since light
Single-photon detection has been well developed and extensively used for various interesting applications in astronomy,imaging,metrology,ultrasensitive spec
The output power from a single-mode laser is limited because of highly nonlinear effects and optical damage.Compared with single-mode laser,multimode fiber
Structured light beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has attracted great attention in recent years.This beam has been used in a wide amount of appl
One of the most important parts of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is the membrane electrode assembly (MEA).In MEA system,the electron,prot
The concepts of carbon neutrality and biodegradability attract considerable attention from the viewpoint of a recent environmental problem.Materials satisfy
Piezoelectric materials that put less environmental load have attracted considerable attention.Poly-L-lactide-acid (PLLA) is biodegradable and carbon-neutra