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This paper introduced an embedded data acquisition system for rail defect measurement and analysis in laser ultrasonic inspection area.Based "ARM+FPGA" architecture, the system can achieve 100MSPS high speed real-time sampling.In order to get the rail defect types and location information, noise filtering and online analysis was carried out with the original data.According a series testing, it can detect rail crack depth greater than 0.05 mm, which provides a method for rail life evaluation;also it can detect the dangerous nucleus flaw,which is significant for safe operation of high-speed railway.