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Several recent studies report laboratory-raised,nonhuman primates exposed to tool use can exhibit intelligent behaviors,such as gesture imitation and reference vocal control,that are never seen in their wild counterparts.Tool-use training appears to forge a novel cortico–cortical connection that underlies this boost in capacity,which normally exists only as latent potential in lower primates.Although tool-use training is patently non-naturalistic,its marked effects on brain organization and behavior could shed light on the evolution of higher intelligence in humans.