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More than a quarter century ago, T.O.Diener (discoverer of the viroid) summarized their significance for molecular biology in a series of five questions.As described by other keynote speakers, the molecular mechanisms of viroid replication are now understood in some detail, and the nature of molecular signals mediating the interaction of viroids with various host proteins (including those involved in RNA transcription and RNA-mediated gene silencing) are currently under active investigation.