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Microgravity exposure may result in postflight orthostatic intolerance, which is associated with vascular remodeling.Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and increased inflammatory cytokines provide a strong link between inflammation and vasoreactivity in patients with cardiovascular disease.In this study, we used hindlimb unloaded rat model (HU) to investigate the effects of NF-κB activity, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1),and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) on the vasodilatation of common carotid artery.Western blot and immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase of expression of VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in HU.The nuclear-to-cytoplasmic protein expression ratio of the NF-κB p65 subunit was also increased.Inhibition of NF-κB by PDTC in HU resulted in a significant reduction in mRNA expression of VCAM-1 and MCP-1 and improved endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine.These results suggest activated NF-κB and increased inflammatory cytokines may play key roles in the altered vasodilatation of common carotid artery in simulated microgravity rats.