Vigilance may be used to detect predators and monitor rivals.We studied redcrowned cranes(Grus japonensis)in Yancheng Biosphere Reserve,China,to examine changes in the allocation of time to vigilance
The redcrowned crane(Grus japonensis)is an endangered species only found in East Asia.Due to wetland loss and degradation,many cranes have changed their wintering feeding habitats from natural grassla
Camera traps are widely used in wildlife studies.There has been much interest touse camera trapping rates as a costeffectivemethod for assessing the densities ofspecies that cannot be individually ide
Tradeoff is an important feature of life history of organisms.Plants often have two kinds of defensive traits against animal predation: physical and chemical defenses,but tradeoff between them is stil
Indirect interactions,such as mutualism with seed dispersers,between cofruiting plants that share dispersers could alter their competition.Here,we tested the hypothesis that tree species has more mutu
Many seedhoarding species are faced with ephemeral pulses of seeds that result in competition at seed sources and the need to minimize hoarding time during the limited time seeds are available.