Models of antipredator vigilance typically assume that individuals in groups scan for threats independently of one another.Recent theoretical and empirical developments indicate that group foragers ma
Extensive studies have been conducted on the rumination behavior of domestic herbivores.However,studies on wild animals are limited,particularly wild animals with specific ruminating parameters.In thi
Vigilance may be used to detect predators and monitor rivals.We studied redcrowned cranes(Grus japonensis)in Yancheng Biosphere Reserve,China,to examine changes in the allocation of time to vigilance
The redcrowned crane(Grus japonensis)is an endangered species only found in East Asia.Due to wetland loss and degradation,many cranes have changed their wintering feeding habitats from natural grassla
Camera traps are widely used in wildlife studies.There has been much interest touse camera trapping rates as a costeffectivemethod for assessing the densities ofspecies that cannot be individually ide
Tradeoff is an important feature of life history of organisms.Plants often have two kinds of defensive traits against animal predation: physical and chemical defenses,but tradeoff between them is stil
Indirect interactions,such as mutualism with seed dispersers,between cofruiting plants that share dispersers could alter their competition.Here,we tested the hypothesis that tree species has more mutu