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Mutations in the well known superoxide dismutase SOD1 are known to cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), a form of neurodegenerative diseases that include Alzheimers disease, Parkinson disease, Mad cow disease and aceruloplasnemia.Transgenic mice studies have demonstrated that fALS is caused not by a loss of SOD1 function, rather by a mechanism of toxic gain-of-function.Currently, the nature of the proposed gained function has not been elucidated.