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Aim: Our previous study and preliminary data have shown that the carotenoid lutein regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and phagocytosis in macrophages.In this study, we investigated the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a bioactive vitamin A metabolite, on MMP-9 production of murine RAW264.7 and primarycultured macrophages.