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Econdary lymphoid organs(SLO)are the primary locations for initiation of immune responses.During embryonic lymphogenesis,lymphoid tissue-inducer cells(LTi)mediate the initial development of these structures upon receiving cues from retinoid acid released from neuronal termini in the vicinity.After birth,LTi gradually disappear;SLO continue to expand in size and cellularity.These structural developments after birth however are arrested in the absence of gut microbiota,suggesting an essential role of gut symbiotic microbes in peripheral lymphoid system development.