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A novel graphene oxide-based fluorhydroxyapatite (GO/FHA) composite is prepared using an in situ chemical synthesis method. The mechanical properties, chemical stability, in vitro bioactivity, and antibacterial properties of as-synthesized GO/FHA composites with the different GO amounts are reported. The result shows that the mechanical properties of the composites are strongly dependent on the adding amount of GO. Among the tested adding amounts, the addition of 1 wt. % GO displays the satisfactory hardness and fracture toughness values. The result of chemical stability indicates that the substitution of fluorine (F) into the hydroxyapatite (HA) crystal has a positive effect on the dissolution resistance of HA. The in vitro bioactivity assessment shows that the osteoblast proliferation and differentiation ability on the GO/FHA composites are improved. Further, it is observed that the GO/FHA composites can effectively inactivate Streptococcus mutans. These findings make the GO/FHA composite a promising candidate for bone regeneration and implantation.