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MolecularBreeding? directed molecular evolution expands naturally occurring diversity and allows the identification of protein variants with desirable properties.This approach can be used recursively,as commonly occurs in brothersister matings in classical genetics.MolecularBreeding? directed molecular evolution has been applied in the fields of enzymatic catalysis,human pharmaceuticals,viral evolution,and microbial strain improvement.In the field of vaccines,MolecularBreeding? directed molecular evolution has been used to generate novel vaccine candidates against several viral pathogens,including HIV-1.