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In this paper we investigate the separate impact of parentsbackground on the educational attainment of children.In order to exclude the omitted variable problem that arises due by assortive mating behavior,we employ a unique institutional setting:the pervasive and intensive discrimination against rural elites in China between 1930 and 1978.We demonstrate that those maternal-elite families in which only the mother is from an elite family have the same structure as the paternal-elite family,in which only the father is from an elite family.However,the children of the former are associated with significantly higher educational attainment than the later.The impact does not come from the heterogeneous degree of discrimination or residual assortive mating behaviors.