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Stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis in adult tissues through regulation of the balance of self-renewal and differentiation.It remains largely unknown how stem cells carry out the switch from self-renewal to differentiation at the molecular level.Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) are an effective system for studying self-renewing and differentiation mechanisms.Our previous studies have demonstrated that niche-derived BMP signaling and E-cadherin-mediated stem cell-niche interaction control GSC self-renewal by working with intrinsic self-renewal factors.We have recently revealed that intrinsic differentiation factors control GSC progeny differentiation by inactivating various self-renewal pathways.In addition, we have also recently proposed that somatic stromal cells form a distinct differentiation niche for promoting GSC progeny differentiation.Recently, we have revealed that actin dynamics, chromatin remodeling, small RNAs and various signaling pathways are required in the differentiation niche for controlling GSC progeny differentiation partly by repressing BMP signaling.Therefore, the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is controlled by concerted actions of extrinsic signals and intrinsic factors.