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Nanoscale materials can interact with living organisms in a qualitatively different manner than small molecules.Crucially, biological phenomena such as immune clearance, cellular uptake and biological barrier crossing are all determined by processes on the nanometer scale.Harnessing these endogeneous biological processes (for example in creation of new nanomedicines or nanodiagnostics) will therefore require us to work on the nanoscale.This ensures that nanoscience, biology and medicine will be intimately connected for generations to come, and may well provide the best hope of tacking currently intractable diseases.