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Atherosclerosis is one of the most common diseases in developed and developing countries.The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a crucial role in intimal thickening of arterial wall commonly associated with atherosclerosis.Despite the fact that angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) is a critical regulator of the proliferation, and migration of VSMC,but the effect of Ang Ⅱ on VSMCs proliferation has remained unclear.In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that Stim1 and Orai1 mediated store-operated calcium entry play a critical role in Ang Ⅱ-induced vascular smooth muscle ceils proliferation and Ang Ⅱ-accelerated neointimal growth after balloon injury of the rat carotid arteries.Knockdown of Stim1 and Orai1 suppresses AngⅡ-mediated Ca2+ entry and cells proliferation in synthetic VSMCs.