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Perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis causes ER stress, which is implicatedin the pathogenesis of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and diabetes.In mammals,the ER-localized transmembrane protein inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE 1 α) activates itsdownstream transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP 1) to mediate a key branchof the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR) to cope with ER stress.