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Anthropogenic activities cause toxic metal pollution worldwide.In the northeast of Belgium, soil as well as (ground)water are contaminated with toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd) due to historical emissions of the non-ferrous industry.Plants can absorb and accumulate these metals, inducing stress as a result of excess metal concentrations inside the plant.Phytohormones, such as ethylene, are often affected by stress conditions and are important in the response to environmental stimuli.