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Quantitative and qualitative examinations of phytoplankton species composition were studied on the investigation data in the Arctic and Antarctic Ocean during 1989-2014.Using light and electron microscopy observation and identification,a total of 276 species in 68 genera of phytoplankton were identified from the Arctic and Antarctic Ocean.Bacillariophyta were predominant and coexisted with Pyrrophyta,and some species belonging to Cyanophyta,Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta.Phytoplankton communities in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are mainly represented by marine diatoms(Bacillariophyta),dominated by species of Navicula Bory,Fragilariopsis Hustedt and Nitzschia Hassall.The most common species in Arctic and Antarctic Ocean were Chaetoceros fragilis,Chaetoceros socialis,Amphiprora kjellmanii,Amphiprora kjellmanii var.striolata,Amphiprora paludosa f.minuta,Pseudo-nitzschia seriata,Fragilariopsis cylindrus,Fragilariopsis curta,Nitzschia sigma,Chaetoceros neogracile,Nitzschia lecointei,Pinnularia quadratarea,Asteromphalus hookeri,Stellarima stellaris,Eucampia zodiacus,Fragilaria striatula,Nitzschia acicularis,Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima,Nitzschia angularis,Navicula directa,Navicula directa var.javanica,Porosira glacialis,Fragilariopsis rhombica,Nitzschia frigida,Navicula glaciei,Thalassiosira decipiens,Thalassiosira gravida,Nitzschia distans,Nitzschia hybrida,Cocconeis scutellum,Nitzschia laevissima,Nitzschia laevissima,Pleurosigma antarcticum and Distephanus speculum.The most abundant species in Arctic Ocean were Nitzschia frigida,Fragilariopsis cylindrus,Fragilariopsis curta,Navicula pelagica,Melosira arctica,Navicula directa,Entomoneis paludosa var.hyperborean,Entomoneis kjellmanii,Nitzschia leicointei,Amphora laevis var.laevissima,Cylindrotheca closterium,Fragilariopsis oceanica,Haslea crucigeroides,Attheya septentrionalis,Plagioselmis prolonga,Navicula glaciei,Nitzschia stellata.Gomphonema exiguum var.pachycladum,Pinnularia quadratarea var.stuxbergii,Pleurosigma clevei and Thalassiosira nordenskioldii.The most abundant species in Antarctic Ocean were Fragilariopsis cylindrus,Fragilariopsis curta,Thalassiosira antarctica,Pseudo-nitzschia heimii,Fragilariopsis kerguelensis,Navicula glaciei,Entomoneis kjellmanii,Actinocyclus actinochilus,Phaeocystis antarctica,Fragilariopsis sublinearis,Nitzschia leicointei,Chaetoceros neglectus,Thalassiothrix antarctica,Nitzschia longissima,Chaetoceros bulbuosus,Eucampia antarctica,Pseudo-nitzschia turgiduloides,Chaetoceros criophilus,Fragilariopsis separanda,Berkeleya rutilans,Plagiotropis gaussii,Fragilariopsis ritscheri,Fragilariopsis rhombica,Actinoptychus antarcticus and Phaeocystis antarctica.The dominant groups were the Arctic-Antarctic cold water group,secondly,eurythemal and cosmopolitan group,and warm-temperate group.