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Cooperation is pervasive and constitutes the core behavioral principle of human social life.Using functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),this study sought to investigate how the loss and the gain contexts modulated the neural responses to cooperation.Participants were scanned when they played a series of one-shot prisoner's dilemma games in the loss and the gain contexts.Specifically,participants and partners independently chose to either cooperate with each other or not,and each was awarded(in gain context)or deprived of(in loss context)a sum of money which depended upon the interaction of their choices.