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Misconduct in science has always occurred, but has increased dramatically in recent times.A number of reasons have contributed to the phenomenon: the enormous expansion of the population of researchers, not accompanied by an equivalent increase of the funds available;the explosive development of research in geographical areas in which research was quantitatively minor until a few years ago;the proliferation of predatory open access Journalsthat publish articles without analysis of their merit provided that the authors agree to the payment of oten substantial publication fees;the faulty use of statistical analysis, which affects predominantly the biomedical research in which variability of results is intrinsically present.